Saturday, August 09, 2014

English is not a foreign language in India

English is not a foreign language in India

                                                           Dr. Tejinder Singh Rawal


In a discussion among a group of people coming from Kohima, Ludhiana, Thiruvananthapuram, and Mumbai, the language that everybody is likely to speak is the English language. No other language- Hindi included- comes closer to English in handling multi-regional situations. English serves as the link language between people coming from diverse backgrounds. While, it may be the first language of a small population, it is the second language of a large number of people. The penetration of English is increasing in the rest of the population also, thanks to Internet and smartphones. To say that English is a foreign language not relevant for India is closing the eyes to the ground reality.
Administration of a vast country would not have been possible but for the common language, English, and that is the reason why the Imperial language continues to be the  language of the Government,  and of the Courts, and of business in India. In a country with 23 official languages and more than 4000 dialects, it would be foolish to deny the importance of English. English has a special status in the Parliament, broadcasting, journalism and education system in India. Even in the Hindi heartland, the conversation between two natives is likely to have a profuse use of English words. English is the language of social empowerment. For the young India it is the expressway to success- you don’t need to wander through the narrow lanes of regionalism and may reach your destination faster taking the English expressway.  
International importance of English is undeniable. India could never have become the back office hub and the IT service provider for the world if we were not proficient in English. Macaulay’s purpose of introducing English in India was “we must at present do our best to form a class of persons Indian in blood and colour and English in taste, opinions, in morals and in intellect,” English would have served the interest of the masters in the Raj days, but has over the years –more so after the independence- made English a part of cultural heritage of our country.  Interestingly, the very language that was supposed to create obedient babus, opened the floodgates of Western education in India, exposing Indians to French Revolution, and the idea of liberty, equality and fraternity. Slogans like “Simon go back” and “Quit India” were at the core of India’s freedom struggle.
Countries like China and Japan lost in the IT race to India, because of the language edge that India has over them. I was surprised to find during my visit to a university  in Shanghai that the faculties were brought in from UK and USA,  who did not know Mandarin or Cantonese. This was done to take the students to a situation where they were left  with no alternative to speaking English. China pays handsome salaries to English teachers, Japanese, tired of facing scarcity of English speakers have introduced English as a compulsory language in primary schools, and Russia is already using English as a working language. They realise  the importance of English for international business. India seems to treat it as ghar ki murgi.
A positive attitude towards the English is essential for integrating India to the world, and in integrating Indians together. Let mother tongue continue to be the language of expression, but do not neglect the language of opportunities, language of globalisation and the language required for the young India to succeed. English should not be considered as a threat to regional languages. In fact, it should be learnt the professional way, the way other skills are learnt. A multi-lingual person has better logical and analytical abilities and is more likely to succeed in a competitive world.

( The author is a Chartered Accountant by profession, and a thinker by choice. He can be reached at tsrawal@tsrawal.com )



Thursday, June 24, 2010

Speech delivered on Universal Brotherhood Day at Nagpur on 24th June, 2010

A Brief History of Freemasonry

W Bro Dr. Tejinder Singh Rawal

District Grand Mentor,

District Grand Lodge of Bombay

tsrawal@tsrawal.com


 

Empirical evidence supporting the history of Freemasonry prior to the 18th Century is hard to find. Even UGLE does not publish a house view prior to its own initial conception in 1717. Most of the Masons are content with the premise that Freemasonry is derived from the early medieval stonemasons' guilds and enquire no further. In this article I am happy to present a concise factual history of Freemasonry. I shall examine certain unproven theories and shall also explain the recorded history.

Operative Stonemasons Guilds: Most historians concur on existence of the Operative Stone Masons Guilds. Just how or when the transition took place is not very clear, although Scottish Lodge Kilwinnings records showing non Operatives being admitted by at least 1672 and some Lodges in England were entirely non Operative by the time of Elias Ashmole.

Operative Masonic guilds existed in Scotland as early as 1057 and possibly in England from 1220 when we know the Masons Livery Company was in existence. Those guilds, associations or Compagnonnage as they were known in France and mainland Europe, were conscripted to produce sufficient masons of all qualities to satisfy the aspirations of Kings and the Church in their respective building programmes.

Stonemasons were clearly the elite of the labour force, had secret customs and marks and would have attracted some of the brightest non-educated recruits. There were no written credentials those days, since not many of the workmen would know how to read and write. For executing the work the stonemasons were required to travel from place to place, and the guilds developed an elaborate secret method of recognition, not only to recognise a mason, but to examine him to find out his degree of proficiency and skill in the trade.

King Athelstan: Legend next informs us that Athelstan, having subjugated most of the minor kingdoms of England, gathered together many skilled masons and established York Rite Masonry in 926 AD by granting them a Royal Charter. Athelstan's importance to Stonemasons is mentioned in both the Regius and Cooke Manuscripts.

Uriels Machines : Knight and Lomas have suggested that Freemasonry ultimately evolved from Megalithic tribes who, having discovered science and astronomy, constructed numerous astounding astronomical observatories between 7100 BC and 2500 BC. These sites enabled those tribes to chart the seasons and years by observing the rotations of the sun and the third brightest object in the sky, Venus. Book of Enoch, discovered amongst the Dead Sea Scrolls from the Qumran and from which many higher Masonic Orders draw their inspiration, explains the scientific principles by which those earliest observatories (or Uriels Machines) operate. Many tribes maintained Enochian and Noachide customs for centuries and when the Enochian-Zadokite priests were expelled from Jerusalem in 70 AD by the Romans, they hid their scrolls and treasures deep under the ruins of Solomons Temple. Knights Templar families led by Hugues de Payens, would return in 1140 AD to dig them up and retrieve them.

Knights Templar : Knights Templar was an enigmatic and powerful military Order of fighting monks set up by Hugues de Payens in 1118. They had amassed considerable wealth and influence in London, Scotland and throughout the United Kingdom. It may be possible that the Knights Templars might have shared some of their knowledge and rituals with their more senior stone masons with whom they employed who later incorporated them into their own traditions.

The Knights Templars were effectively extinguished on Friday 13th October 1307 by King Philippe of France who, broke at the time, stole their lands and possessions.

Many Knights possibly settled in the comparative backwaters of Scotland. Rosslyn Chapel, situated 5 miles south of Edinburgh and built in 1446 by Sir William St Clair whose family had deep Templar ancestry and alleged family ties back to Hugues de Payens. The chapel contains the astounding "Apprentice Pillar" - even depicts some form of initiation. Official Rosslyn Chapel guidebook states that the William St Clair, brother of Edward, was granted the Charters of 1630 from the Masons of Scotland, recognising that the position of Grand Master Mason of Scotland had been hereditary in the St Clair family since it was granted by James II in 1441, the original charter having been destroyed in a fire.

King Solomon's Temple : Freemasonry draws much imagery from the history and construction of King Solomon's Temple (945 BC) by masons from the Phoenician city of Tyre, and Masonic ritual books rely heavily on this Biblical story. Many of the Masonic words in vogue today can be traced to the Egyptian language of this era. The virtues of truth and justice were said by them to be "on the square". Confucius in 500BC referred to the squareness of actions; even Aristotle in 350 BC associates square actions with honest dealings. The square and its symbolism is very old and interestingly has continued to maintain consistency of meaning over the centuries.

The Recorded history

Regius Manuscript held in the British Museum is the oldest genuine record of Masonic relevance and was written in 1390 AD. Its author was probably a priest and this manuscript takes the form of an historical and instructional poem. "So Mote it be" is first quoted in this text, which has been extensively quoted in all Masonic rituals. Cooke Manuscript (also in the British Museum) was written by a Speculative mason in 1450. This is an important document because many current Masonic usages (eg the Constitutions written by Anderson in 1723) have obviously borrowed heavily from its content, which includes reference to the seven Liberal Arts and Sciences and the building of Solomon's Temple.


 

London Company of Freemasons was granted Arms in 1473 and their coat included three castles and compasses. They have been recently incorporated within Metropolitan Grand Lodge of London's arms upon its inauguration in 2003.

In 1583, a William Schaw was appointed by King James VI as Master of the Work and Warden General. In 1598 he issued the first of the now famous Schaw Statutes. More importantly for Freemasons today, Schaw drew up a second Statute in 1599 which carries the first veiled reference to the existence of esoteric knowledge within the craft of stone masonry. It also reveals that The Mother Lodge of Scotland, Lodge Kilwinning No. 0 existed at that time. His regulations required all lodges to keep written records, meet at specific times and test members in the Art of Memory. As a consequence he is regarded by some as the founder of modern Freemasonry as we know it today.

The earliest known record of a Masonic initiation: -John Boswell, Laird of Auchenleck, who was initiated in the Lodge of Edinburgh on 8 June 1600 is the first recorded Masonic initiation in Scotland. The earliest records of an initiation in England include Sir Robert Moray in 1641 and Elias Ashmole in 1646. The first native-born American to be made a Mason was probably Jonathan Belcher, in 1704, who was then the Governor of Massachusetts.

Ashmole a renowned author and scholar was a friend of Robert Boyle, Sir Robert Moray, Christopher Wren, Isaac Newton and Dr John Wilkins. They all were early members of the Royal Society, which began its life as the Invisible College, an organization led by Francis Bacon, before securing a Royal Charter from Charles II in 1662. Invisible College met at a place which carried lots of Masonic emblems. Invisible College was perhaps the invisible face of masonry, or if not that, it was being run by the same set of people who were running the Freemasonry. To get a flavour of the times in mid Seventeenth Century England, bear in mind that slavery was still universal. Galileo was in deep trouble with the Catholic Church by insisting that the earth revolved around the sun, Bacon's works were banned by Rome Despite the risks, Freemasonry was spreading quickly.

Freemasonry was in transition at this point from pure Operative Masonry to Non Operative or Speculative Freemasonry., England copied the Scottish Masonic structure .Interestingly, even in English lodges Constitutions were written by a Scotsman, Anderson.

Little is known of Masonic activity for seventy years after Ashmole's initiation in 1646. In 1717, four London lodges formed The Premier Grand Lodge of England. The date was St John The Baptists Day, 24 June 1717.

The third degree: Till 1730, Masonic ritual were being learned parrot-fashion until Prichard's exposure entitled Masonry Dissected was published. Ritual prior to that point followed a two-degree system simplified symbolism and the Old Charges. This two-tier degree system was expanded when Desaguliers (Grand Master in 1719) wrote the Third Degree and grew again when Laurence Dermott introduced the Fourth (ie Royal Arch) Degree in 1752. The words "hele" and "conceal" and "points of fellowship" are both found in the Edinburgh Register House Manuscript of 1696; "Brotherly Love, Relief, and Truth", made its appearance in print in a pamphlet printed in London in 1724. The word Tyler probably came into usage around this time and is thought to be derived from the French Tailleur, ie one who cuts.

In 1731 the first American Grand Lodge obtained its Constitution, The Grand Lodge of Pennsylvania, making it the first Grand Lodge in the United States of America. Over the next 100 years, Freemasonry attracted many leading lights forming the cream of the intellectual and scientific establishment including Sir Robert Walpole, Robert Burns, Mozart, Darwin, Frederick the Great and from the USA, Franklin, and Washington.

Ancients vs. Modern: Premier Grand Lodge made drastic changes to the ritual and passwords and the creation of a third degree out of the previous two-degree ritual system. Some traditionalists were so upset; they broke away and set up splinter groups. A significant group broke away in 1751 and was called The Grand Lodge of England, nicknamed The Antients, Those whom they left behind in The Premier Grand Lodge of England were nicknamed The "Moderns".

From this time onwards, new degrees and rituals proliferated which fuelled fierce argument between the "Antients" and the "Moderns". French Freemason, JM Ragon estimated that at one point, there were over 1400 separate Masonic degrees An example of dispute between these two Grand lodges would be that the Antients worked a four-degree system whilst the Moderns only recognised a three Degree system. To the irritation of the Moderns, they often found their members sympathetic to the fourth or Royal Arch Degree, to the point where it became regarded as an extension to the Third Degree.

Eventually a compromise was negotiated and on St John The Evangelists Day, 27 December 1813, United Grand Lodge of England was formed, largely though the combined efforts of the Earl of Moira presiding over the Duke of Sussex (Moderns Grand Master) and the Duke of Kent (Antients Grand Master). The ritual reconciled, mainly in favour of the "Antients". Most of the regulations and ritual determined then still apply to this day

In 2003 with the Inauguration of the Metropolitan Grand Lodge of London 50,000 London Freemasons have a separate identity from United Grand Lodge of England and enabled UGLE to concentrate on its worldwide affairs and duties.

Whatever course Freemasonry actually followed, it has inspired millions of people across many countries for more than three centuries and has attracted famous personalities from Europe, United States of America and other Continents.

Monday, June 07, 2010

What Is Masonic Mentoring?

What Is Masonic Mentoring?


 

Mentoring is a process where an individual can pass on his Masonic knowledge and experience to a less experienced Brother. Mentoring is widely used in the business world as part of a person's career development, and what we are trying to do is to map that process in an appropriate form into our Masonic lives.


 

By appropriate we mean tailored to each individual Mentee's needs in an agreed and

unobtrusive manner, which is within the boundaries of personal growth and Masonic values.

Think back to when you first came into Masonry and you will realise that entering

Freemasonry can be a daunting and, often, overwhelming time. The very nature of our organisation often leads to men joining us with little, or even no, idea of what is fully expected of them and what they can gain from membership. A Mentor should be there to help during these formative and crucial years.


 

But, I hear you thinking, that is the job of the Proposer or Seconder. At this point I just stress that a Masonic Mentor in no way takes the place of a Proposer or Seconder, but is there to provide support and guidance relating to the spiritual and social integration.


 

Since the term is borrowed from management literature, let us find out what do the terms 'Mentor' and 'Mentoring' mean in management.


 

Mentor

According to legend, Mentor is the name of the person to whom Odysseus (a.k.a. Ulysses) entrusted the care of his son, Telemachus, when he set out on those famous wanderings of his that we now call an "odyssey" and which took him, among other places, to the Trojan Wars. Mentor was Odysseus' wise and trusted counsellor as well as tutor to Telemachus. Myth has it that the goddess Athena would assume Mentor's form for the purpose of giving counsel to Odysseus but, for many centuries now, the goddess has been unavailable for comment to confirm or disconfirm this rumour. At any rate, Mentor's name -- with a lower-case "m" -- has passed into our language as a shorthand term for wise and trusted counsellor and teacher.

Mentoring

In recent years, especially in the management and human resources literature, mentor, which is a noun, has become a verb as well and -- with or without "ing" as an appendage -- now refers to the patterned behaviours or process whereby one person acts as mentor to another.

Saturday, June 05, 2010

Mentoring Programme of District Grand Lodge of Bombay

Mentoring Programme of District Grand Lodge of Bombay


 

Why do we need Mentoring?


 

It is a sad fact that recent years have seen a steady decline in the number of Freemasons. That is not all; two further worrying trends compound the situation. Many of our newer brethren leave within the first 5 years of their Masonic life and the number of active masons in each Lodge is often declining.


 

It is this situation that has prompted our District to implement the Mentoring programme. It has the full support of the District Grand Master RW Bro. Percy Driver and is seen as an integral part of the development of Freemasonry in this District, through the recruitment, retention and return of lost members.


 

How shall we do it?


 

We are in the process of identifying brethren who will act as Mentors. After the Mentors are appointed we shall be holding workshops for brethren appointed as Mentors and other brethren who are interested in mentoring process. At these workshops, the role of the Mentor is explained and those attending are given a pack with useful information on how to carry out their duties.


 

What does a Mentor do?


 

The role of a Mentor is to ensure that a new brother becomes engaged with and integrated into the ideas and aims of our Order.


 

By "engaged with and integrated into", we mean someone who is committed to their

Freemasonry; regularly attends their Lodge and takes an active role in Lodge life. By comparison someone who is 'disengaged or not integrated' may be a Mason by right of membership, but not in tune with the aims of the Order, not regularly attending and certainly not trying to apply their Masonic learning to their everyday lives.


 

But isn't that what the Proposer and Seconder are meant to do?


 

In an ideal world, the answer to this is YES. Many new masons are fortunate to be proposed by committed and active members, but unfortunately this does not always mean that either the Proposer or Seconder is able to effectively act as Mentor, for a number of reasons, either or both may:

  • Hold an office in the lodge and may not be able to spend quality time with their Candidate on a Lodge evening
  • Be relatively new to Freemasonry themselves and may not have the experience and knowledge required
  • Be unable to attend a Lodge, or, as in some cases, stops attending altogether

It is in such situations that a Mentor is essential, to provide the Candidate with support, advice and above all, friendship.

Saturday, April 17, 2010

Legal Notice: Gunisha Sabarwal


LEGAL NOTICE Take notice that I have been instructed by my client Ms Gunisha Sabarwal to investigate into this fake account being operated by an imposter. Your IP address is being logged and we are working in tandem with cyber police , Facebook, and other authorities. This is to bring to your notice that my client proposes to proceed legally against you under the provisions of Sections 66 and 67 of Information Technology Act 2000, which may entail an imprisonment of 5 years.. I advice you in your interest to disable this profile forthwith, with an apology letter addressed to me at tsrawal@tsrawal.com , failing which we propose to proceed legally against you.


 

Dr. Tejinder Singh Rawal
M.Com, MA( Economics), MA( Public Administration), MA( Urdu), LLB, FCA, ISA, CISA, CISM, PhD
Chartered Accountant
E 13, Anjuman Complex, Sadar,
Nagpur 440 001 India

Saturday, September 19, 2009

Value Investing: Graham-Buffett approach to successful stock market investing


 

Dr. Tejinder Singh Rawal

Chartered Accountant

India

tsrawal@gmail.com


 

1. Introduction:

        The investor is concerned with human phenomena, which are necessarily complex phenomena. Human beings are seldom rational in their thinking The biggest damage that academicians have made is to quantify the field of investment with complex mathematics, which has made this field of psychology look like a branch of mathematics. Intricate mathematical equations have been created to measure the cause and effect relationships, where such relationships are only spurious. The point I want to make here is that investment, in spite of the look of exactitude that it has got, still continues to be a semi-science, a semi-art, and a study of human psychology. This should not dishearten you. On the other hand, this non-linier thinking of human beings, sometimes collectively, opens a window of opportunity for an intelligent investor. If you can identify the window as it opens you can be sure of your success in market operations.


 

1.1 Value investing is easy to comprehend, but difficult to apply:

    The principles discussed in this paper are simple to understand. Warren Buffett says it best by saying "the fact that value investing is so simple makes people reluctant to teach it. If you've gone and gotten a Ph.D. and spent years learning how to do all kinds of tough things mathematically, to have to come back to this---it's like studying for the priesthood and finding out that the ten commandments were all that you ever needed."

"Success in investing doesn't correlate with I.Q., once you're above the level of 25. Once you have ordinary intelligence, what you need is the temperament to control the urges that get other people into trouble in investing." says Warren Buffett.


 

However, remember that while these principles are easy to understand, they do require a considerable degree of hard work. Value investing would only remove mystery from the investing process, not the hard work.


 

1.2 Different players have different motives:    

    Different players enter the market with different time-frame, and with different intentions. Some look for quick bucks, and would cash on the market momentum, totally ignoring the market and stock fundamentals, while for some it is a casino, where they would make or lose money as if by a flip of coin, these people usually day-trade, as they look for quick results. Then there is a small, albeit committed tribe of value investors, who would invest only when they find that a share is being traded at a price below its intrinsic value. Value investors believe that more often than not, there would be a divergence between the real value of a share, and its quoted price. The wining strategies lies in finding the true net worth of a share, and buy a share only if there is, what the father of value investing Benjamin Graham referred to as, the Margin of Safety in the deal.


 

There is one statistic that has remained constant in investment since records were kept and that is the ratio of winners to losers has remained constant over time. On reflection this would seem a startling fact, but despite the massive advance in economic forecasting methods and supply of information, the ratio remains the same. The chief reason is that the basic human nature has not changed. Advances in science have only made the matter worse: it has created more day traders, and momentum players.


 

2. Efficient market? No way!

        Because a considerable part of the stock market is comprised of investors belonging to diverse schools of thought many a time the market tends to react irrationally to economic news, even if that news has no real effect on the technical value of securities itself. The problem is accentuated by the fact that the stock market comprises a large amount of speculative analysts, or pencil pushers, who have no substantial money or financial interest in the market, but make market predictions and suggestions regardless. Over the short-term, stocks and other securities can be battered or buoyed by any number of fast market-changing events, turning the stock market in a generally dangerous and difficult to predict environment for those people whose lack of financial investment skills and time does not permit reading the technical signs of the market. Therefore, the stock market can be swayed tremendously in either direction by press releases, rumours and mass panic.


 

Contrary to what many assume such speculation is essential for the market. Let us think of a wheat contract being launched today. If all the farmers want to sell at the highest possible price, and all the buyers want to buy at the lowest possible price, then no deals will take place. We need to have people who are willing to conjecture that if they are paying a farmer a high price today, they'll get higher price in future, thus giving them a profit. They are taking on the risk and are either making or losing money. They are adding liquidity to the contract to ensure efficient price discovery and are hence critical to the exchange. This is why these people are needed in the market or else contracts would never be liquid and the system would be inefficient. In short, as Buffett once said, it is good that market consists of speculators, traders and other short sighted players; if all were to follow a consistent investment policy, market would lose its charm.


 

2.1 Efficient Market Hypothesis

        In the collective mind the intellectual aptitudes of the individuals, and in consequence their individuality, are weakened. The heterogeneous is swamped by the homogeneous, and the unconscious qualities obtain the upper hand. This very fact that crowds possess in common ordinary qualities explains why they can never accomplish acts demanding a high degree of intelligence. The crowd is always intellectually inferior to the isolated individual. This is in sharp contrast to the belief in Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH), which states that the collective force of the market is wise enough to iron out all aberrations, and the price the market pays is the best quote possible. This theory presumes that the collective decision of people, who may not be individually competent, is a very reasoned and intelligent decision. In practice more damage has been done in the market by EMH than by any other theory.


 

3. Greater Fool theory:

    It is possible to make money by buying securities, whether overvalued or not, and later selling them at a profit because there will always be someone (a bigger or greater fool) who is willing to pay the higher price. When acting in accordance with the greater fool theory, an investor buys questionable securities without any regard to their quality, but with the hope of quickly selling them off to another investor (the greater fool), who might also be hoping to flip them quickly. Unwitting investors purchase the stock in droves, creating high demand and pumping up the price. If you are lucky, you will pass on the stocks to a 'greater fool', the greater fool may offload it to a 'still greater fool'. Very soon the ultimate fool will be found out, and when the music stops. the man who will be holding the shares at high price for which there is no buyer.!


 

4    Does higher risk mean higher returns?

    Graham disagreed with the usual postulated risk-return relationship, that is, to earn a higher return an investor must accept higher risk. To the contrary, he felt that the more intelligent effort one put into investing, the better the bargains bought. And the better the bargains, the lower the risk. Thus intelligent investing provides high yields and low risk. Finance academicians often fail to appreciate this point. The equity market is considered as the most risky class. The fact is that, equity can be the safest class of assets if investment is made with a sufficient degree of Margin of Safety. Equity shareholders are the providers of the risk capital to the economy, but if you can identify value, and buy stocks at a price which is considerably lower than value, you have reduced the risk element to a great extent.


 


 

5.    Value Investing:

Value investing is an effective investment strategy, designed by Benjamin Graham, which has such successful investors like Warren Buffett, Peter Lynch, Sir John Templeton, and Phil Fisher, as its ardent followers. Simply stated, Value Investing implies a study of the fundamentals of a company to arrive at its intrinsic value. A value investor keeps watching the market keenly, and would wait for the divergence between the market price of shares and their intrinsic value. He grabs the shares which he finds has a considerable divergence between the two numbers, and waits patiently for the market to realise the divergence.


 

The key aspects of Value Investing are discussed below:


 


 

5.1    Invest for the long term.

When Keynes said, in the long run we are all dead; he was certainly not referring to the stock market. The success in stock market largely depends upon your ability to stay invested for a long period.


 

When Buffett buys a stock, his favorite holding period, he has famously said, is forever. He has confessed that he makes more money by snoring than by working. Before buying a stock, he asks himself: Would I want to own this business for 10 years? He doesn't slavishly follow the stock ratings in Value Line or Standard & Poor's. Those ratings are for only one year, not 10 years. And he stalwartly resists the vast conspiracy out there to get investors to buy, buy, buy, and to sell, sell, sell.


 

It is human nature to think things will continue as they are at any point in time. The herd mentality tends to have people crying "the sky is the limit" or screaming "the sky is falling."


 

5.2    Do not time the market.

A Value Investor does not try to predict the direction the market is going to take. You should not wait for the market to rise or fall before you decide to invest. Since as a long-term investor you will be focussing on the value of individual share, rather than the frenzy of the market, market direction should not be a cause of concern, as long as you are sure that the investment you are making is attractive, and has a sufficient margin of safety built into it. As a long-term investor, you should not hold your cash, waiting for the market to fall, so that you can invest when the prices are low. You should know the time value of money, which means that the early you invest the higher will be your return. Moreover, if you invest regularly, you are able to take advantage of 'dollar averaging', which takes care of market fluctuations.


 

5.2.1    The Hemline , the Super Bowl and other superstitions:

Market timers have a wide range of tools available at their disposal. Many of them are apparently spurious; others may give an impression of an exact science. Some people consider macroeconomic variables – like interest rates and GDP growth- to predict that you must buy shares when interest rates are low. While low interest does lead to higher economic growth, it may fail to lead to higher share prices if the growth was less than what was anticipated by the market. Even if the correlation existed in isolation, the operation of other factors simultaneously may cancel the effect of the positive correlation. Some people would use the feel good indicators (opinion of the experts on CNBC, speech of the Finance Minister, and RBI Governor), while some rely on the opinion of cocktail party chatters! I even came across an economic model trying to predict the stock market direction on the basis of the prevailing trend in the hemline of women's skirts!( Believe me, there is a theory called Hemline Effect Theory to be found in Financial management). The argument is that, rising hemline denotes boldness and fashion consciousness that comes from confidence that you get from a buoyant economy, and is an indicator of a stronger market, while increasing length of the skirts denotes a conservative and cautious approach. What could be sillier than thinking the length of skirts has anything to do with stocks? Sounds more like an excuse traders in Wall Street's mostly boys' club came up with to look at women's legs.


 

5.3    Buy low sell high:

Easy as it may seem it is difficult to put in practice. Here is the advice from the most successful investor in the world, Warren Buffett:

"A short quiz: If you plan to eat hamburgers throughout your life and are not a cattle producer, should you wish for higher or lower prices for beef? Likewise, if you are going to buy a car from time to time but are not an auto manufacturer, should you prefer higher or lower car prices? These questions, of course, answer themselves.

But now for the final exam: If you expect to be a net saver during the next five years, should you hope for a higher or lower stock market during that period? Many investors get this one wrong. Even though they are going to be net buyers of stocks for many years to come, they are elated when stock prices rise and depressed when they fall. In effect, they rejoice because prices have risen for the "hamburgers" they will soon be buying. This reaction makes no sense. Only those who will be sellers of equities in the near future should be happy at seeing stocks rise. Prospective purchasers should much prefer sinking prices."


 

5.3.1 Margin of Safety

    A value investor always looks for stocks available at a throwaway price, thus buying at a "margin of safety". This concept central to the discipline of value was pioneered by the father of value investing, Benjamin Graham. Warren Buffett explains the concept of Margin of Safety in the following words "If you understood a business perfectly and the future of the business, you would need very little in the way of a margin of safety. So, the more vulnerable the business is, assuming you still want to invest in it, the larger margin of safety you'd need. If you're driving a truck across a bridge that says it holds 10,000 pounds and you've got a 9,800 pound vehicle, if the bridge is 6 inches above the crevice it covers, you may feel okay, but if it's over the Grand Canyon, you may feel you want a little larger margin of safety...".


 

"Margin of safety" being the difference between the price and the value, it gives you a cushion. With a high margin of safety, you pay, so to say, $50 for a $100 note.


 

Buying in that situation heavily stacks the odds in your favour. On the other hand buying a stock without adequate margin of safety, or zero margin of safety exposes you to great risk, and makes your investment no better than a bet or a gamble. This would be so even if the company you have invested is a blue chip company. The underlying company would do well but the investor would still burn his fingers.


 

A bull market is a party time for everybody. Everyone makes money whether he follows technical analysis, or fundamental analysis, or indulges in pure speculation, or consults an astrologer for the investment strategy. The tide takes everyone along. It's only when the tide goes out that you learn who's been swimming naked.


 

5.3.2    Mr. Market :

    Graham would explain this concept in his lectures by telling the parable of a fictitious Mr. Market. Mr. Market is a whimsical partner in your business. He keeps approaching you every day, and keeps quoting the prices of shares you own or intend to buy (With the live quotations ticking on your computer screen, Mr. Market actually keeps quoting prices every moment). Even if the company may have a very stable business, unfortunately the quotations of Mr. Market are anything but stable. He has severe emotional problems; at times he becomes euphoric and can see only favourable factors affecting company. In that mood, he quotes a very high price. At times, his mood is very depressed, and he is pessimistic about the shares. He quotes a ridiculously low figure when in a bad mood, thinking that the sky is going to fall. The more manic-depressive his behaviour is, the better it is for you since you can find a great bargain.

One good thing about Mr. Market is that he does not mind being ignored. His job is to quote the prices, to buy or not to buy is purely your decision. If he shows up one day in a very foolish mood, you would do well to take advantage of him, but it could be disastrous for you if you succumb to his influence. In order to strike the right deal, you should be better in the art of valuation than Mr. Market. If you can't understand the business better than Mr. Market, please don't play the game. You should have the ability to know when he makes a stupid move and you should be able to capitalize on that.


 

5.3.3    Net Current Asset Value (NCAV)

    Graham always looked for companies, which were so battered and neglected that they were sold even below their net working capital. How do you find stocks with a margin of safety? In part, they are found by avoiding stocks, which are unlikely to possess this margin. Popular stocks are avoided since they are likely to be fully priced, and growth stocks are avoided since they tend to be popular and since they tend to perform poorly in bad markets. And you follow rules pertaining to low price/earnings ratios, low price/book value ratios, etc., which are designed to exclude stocks without a margin of safety. He created a Net Current Asset Value (NCAV) model to find such bargains. Calculate the net working capital of the company, which is the excess of current assets over current liabilities. Subtract from this all the debts whether short term or long term. Divide the resultant figure by the number of issued shares of the company. If this per share value is less than the current market price of the share, you have a margin of safety. And, you are getting the whole of fixed assets free of cost. Graham looked for shares that offered at least 1/3rd margin of safety. While it may not be possible to find many shares meeting criteria of this high margin of safety, there are certainly some shares which pass through this screen.


 


 

5.4    Do your homework.

As a value investor you should know the fundamental value of the share you are buying. Remember that PE ratio is not the acid test of investment. Low PE ratio does not on its own make a particular company worthy of investment, and high PE , per se, does not make a share less attractive. Other factors like the quality of management, break-up value of the share, debt-equity ratio, interest coverage ratio are equally important.


 

5.5    Do not invest in penny stocks.


Penny stocks and junk scripts look attractive to the investor when the indices are rising, since the price of these shares usually rise faster than the rise in prices of other shares. However, then the market falls, the investor is left with junk, which has no value. As a matter of principle, you should invest in stock of the only such companies whose fundamentals are known to you. Do not depend on tips, however reliable the source of tip may be. Most of the tips are generated by people with vested interest. Even when the source of the tip is genuine, the time frame the issuer has in mind may be different. If you are tempted to act on a tip, study facts before you decide to go ahead.


 

5.6    Do not panic.


This is very important. More money is made in stock market by remaining inactive. It is foolish for a long-term investor to be excited or subdued by the market ticker. CNBC channel is for the short-term traders and day-traders, do not let the opinions expressed there affect your investment decision. If you are confident your investment is fundamentally strong, every fall should give you an opportunity to buy rather than sell.


 

5.7    Do not invest in the company and sector whose business you do not understand.

If you can understand a business and you find value there, invest. Do not be tempted to invest in industry about which you do not have much idea. While there is so much money to be made in technology shares, yet if you do not understand the business, it is better you do not go into it. My personal investment philosophy is to invest in the business, which I would be comfortable running on my own.


 

5.7.1    Buffett's Circle of Competence:

    The three factors that make an outstanding investment are : the depth of knowledge low valuation and high quality . The depth of knowledge about the company is an important criterion because without knowledge about the company you are investing in, you may end up valuing the company at a figure much higher than its intrinsic valuation. The process of valuation is bound to be faulty in respect of the companies whose business model you do not understand. To put it in other words: Do not invest in companies that are not within your Circle of Competence.


 

The concept of a circle of competence was presented by Phillip Fisher in his book, "Common Stocks and Uncommon Profits". Warren Buffett was much inspired by this idea and he always stayed within his own circle of competence. He never ventured into buying a business he did not understand, preferring simple businesses over complex businesses, however exciting the latter might have looked to him. He remarked, We try to stick with businesses we believe we understand. That means they must be relatively simple and stable in character. If a business is complex or subject to constant change we're not smart enough to predict future cash flows."


 

"Circle of Competence is defined by your ability to understand a company's products and operating context. Circles of competence are as varied as the investors who must define them. All investors must grapple with the challenge of using current and past information to gauge future business performance."


 


 

Warren Buffett explains this concept very aptly in the following words:

"We try to stick with businesses we believe we understand. That means they must be relatively simple and stable in character. If a business is complex or subject to constant change we're not smart enough to predict future cash flows. Incidentally that shortcoming doesn't bother us."


 

Buffett says further thus: " We select our marketable equity securities in much the same way we would evaluate a business for acquisition in its entirety. We want the business to be

(1)     one that we can understand,

(2)     with favourable long-term prospects,

(3)     operated by honest and competent people, and

(4)     available at a very attractive price.


 

We ordinarily make no attempt to buy equities for anticipated favourable stock price behaviour in the short term. In fact, if their business experience continues to satisfy us, we welcome lower market prices of stocks we own as an opportunity to acquire even more of a good thing at a better price."


 

Addressing the shareholders of Berkshire Hathaway, Buffeett elaborates on his investment style, "Our experience has been that pro-rata portions of truly outstanding businesses sometimes sell in the securities markets at very large discounts from the prices they would command in negotiated transactions involving entire companies. Consequently, bargains in business ownership, which simply are not available directly through corporate acquisition, can be obtained indirectly through stock ownership. When prices are appropriate, we are willing to take very large positions in selected companies, not with any intention of taking control and not foreseeing sell-out or merger, but with the expectation that excellent business results by corporations will translate over the long term into correspondingly excellent market value and dividend results for owners, minority as well as majority."


 

5.8    Do your own research.


Security analysis is not as difficult as it may seem. You do not have to be a qualified analyst to do the analysis. When I say that more money is made by being inactive in the market, I certainly do not mean that you should invest and forget. On the other hand, you should keep reviewing the performance of the company you have invested in. If there is a fundamental change in the situation of your company, which has altered the premise based on which you had bought the shares, decide if the change warrants a change in your portfolio.


 

5.9    Derivatives and leveraged instruments, a strict NO:

    Because derivatives offer the possibility of large rewards, many individuals have the strong desire to invest in derivatives. However while the rewards are large, the risk is larger, and if you compute the risk reward ratio, derivatives are not meant for you unless you are using it for hedging. An investor in derivatives often assumes a great deal of risk, and therefore investments in derivatives must be made with caution, especially for the small investor. One should keep in mind that one purpose of derivatives is as a form of insurance, to move risk from someone who cannot afford a major loss to someone who could absorb the loss, or is able to hedge against the risk by buying some other derivative. Since derivatives can be traded at a very thin margin, there is always a danger that someone would lose so much money that they would be unable to pay for their losses. This might cause chain reactions, which could create an economic crisis. In 2002, legendary investor Warren Buffett commented in Berkshire Hathaway's annual report that he regarded them as 'financial weapons of mass destruction', an allusion to the phrase 'weapons of mass destruction' relating to physical weapons which had wide currency at the time.


 

We shall keep revisiting these and other principles over and over again till you are able to imbibe them well into your subconscious. The principles we discuss in this book have been perfected by masters and are time-tested technique for long-term investment in the market. While this is not the only way one can invest, this method is more scientific and if applied consistently, it would make the process of investment a less risky proposition with higher margin of safety.


 

6.    Success in investment is a matter of temperaments:


 

Investment requires consistent application of these principles. It requires you to be defensive when it comes to protecting your capital and offensive when you come across the right ball to hit. Warren Buffett likes to say that the number one rule of making money is not to lose money and the second rule is to remember the first rule. To this I may add my further thought: In investing the key is to avoid doing something really stupid. Thus investment is more about avoiding stupid mistakes. On the street there are hundreds of examples of people with no B school background consistently beating the B school guys. It is not randomness that is the reason; but that some people have an ability to control their temperament better than others and are not swayed by the herd mentality is what makes them successful players.


 

Investment success requires far more than intelligence, good analytical abilities, proprietary sources of information, and so forth. Equally important is the ability to overcome the natural human tendencies to be extremely irrational when it comes to money. Warren Buffett agrees, commenting that, "Investing is not a game where the guy with the 160 IQ beats the guy with the 130 IQ... Once you have ordinary intelligence, what you need is the temperament to control the urges that get other people into trouble in investing."


 

7.    The Crayon Test:

Never invest in any idea you can't illustrate with a crayon, was the conclusion that legendry investor Peter Lynch drew when he conducted a very interesting experiment with primary school students. A class of seventh graders at an American primary school were asked to do their own research and dig up stocks for a paper portfolio. Lynch invited them to a pizza dinner where they were asked to illustrate their portfolio with simple drawings representing each stock. Lynch just loved this because it illustrates the principle that you should only invest in what you understand, the kids portfolio consisted of toy manufacturers, makers of baseball swap cards, stationery, clothing manufacturers and outlets, Playboy Enterprises (a couple of boys chose that one!), Coke, and similar stocks. While 'biotechs' and 'dotcoms' were conspicuously absent in their portfolio, their portfolio returned a whopping 69.6% against a background of a 26.08% gain in the S&P500 ! This only goes on to prove that if you develop childlike inquisitiveness in stock selection, you will never go wrong in stock selection. As Lynch put it, "During a lifetime of buying cars or cameras, you develop a sense of what's good and what's bad, what sells and what doesn't . . . and the most important part is, you know it before Wall Street knows it."


 

8.    The Last word: Value Investing delivers!


 

A suggestion is sometimes made by the protagonists of Efficient Market Hypothesis that investors like Warren Buffett have been monkeys on a typewriter who have successfully produced Iliad; and thanks to the operation of the principle of randomness, and they should not be trusted to produce similar outcome in future. Efficient market hypothesis (EMH), formulated by Eugene Fama in 1970 suggests that, at any given time, prices fully reflect all available information on a particular stock and/or market. Thus, according to the EMH, no investor has an advantage in predicting a return on a stock price since no one has access to information not already available to everyone else. Thus, no trading strategy will have an expected long-run positive return — in other words, that prices follow a random walk. Whatever success some investors have made in the stock market is attributed to lady luck: active intervention did not help. In short, you cannot beat the market.


 

Warren Buffett himself provides an explanation to this. He says that while the law of probability indeed can make him, and many others like him, a successful investor. If there were 50 people who have always been right; you would tend to believe that these 50 people have been lucky. But if all of them hail from the same village, then the situation changes considerably. Out of the total world population if 50 most successful investors belong to the same school of thought, there is a considerable twist in the story: it is not randomness but something else that is making them rich and successful. The fact that they all have in common is that they all are value investors. They are the people who buy when shares are available at a discount and wait with patience for others to acquire fancy for the shares that they have bought.

9.    Bibliography


 


 

  1. The Intelligent Investor: The Definitive Book On Value Investing, Revised Edition by Benjamin Graham, Jason Zweig
  2. Security Analysis by Benjamin Graham
  3. The Interpretation of Financial Statements by Benjamin Graham, Spencer B. Meredith
  4. The Essays of Warren Buffett : Lessons for Corporate America by Warren E. Buffett
  5. How to Think Like Benjamin Graham and Invest Like Warren Buffett by Lawrence A. Cunningham
  6. The Rediscovered Benjamin Graham : Selected Writings of the Wall Street Legend by Janet Lowe
  7. Common Stocks and Uncommon Profits and Other Writings by Philip A. Fisher, Kenneth L. Fisher
  8. Benjamin Graham on Value Investing: Lessons from the Dean of Wall Street by Janet Lowe
  9. Beating the Street by Peter Lynch and John Rothchild
  10. One Up On Wall Street : How To Use What You Already Know To Make Money In The Market by Peter Lynch and John Rothchild
  11. Benjamin Graham on Value Investing: Lessons from the Dean of Wall Street by Janet Lowe
  12. Damn Right! Behind the Scenes with Berkshire Hathaway Billionaire Charlie Munger by Janet Lowe
  13. Value Investing Made Easy by Janet Lowe


 

10.    Appendices

Appendix 1    BUFFETT'S 12 INVESTING PRINCIPLES


 

1. Don't gamble.

2. Buy securities as cheaply as you can. Set up a "margin of safety."

3. Buy what you know. Remain within your "circle of competence."

4. Do your homework. Try to learn everything important about a company. That will help give you confidence.

5. Be a contrarian—when it's called for.

6. Buy wonderful companies, "inevitables."

7. Invest in companies run by people you admire.

8. Buy to hold and buy and hold. Don't be a gunslinger.

9. Be businesslike. Don't let sentiment cloud your judgment.

10. Learn from your mistakes.

11. Avoid the common mistakes that others make.

12. Don't overdiversify. Use a rifle, not a shotgun.


 

More words of wisdom from Warren Buffett

  • You are neither right nor wrong because the crowd disagrees with you. You are right because your data and reasoning are right.
  • We do not view the company itself as the ultimate owner of our business assets but instead view the company as a conduit through which our shareholders own assets.
  • When Berkshire buys common stock, we approach the transaction as if we were buying into a private business.
  • Wide diversification is only required when investors do not understand what they are doing.
  • Accounting consequences do not influence our operating or capital-allocation decisions. When acquisition costs are similar, we much prefer to purchase $2 of earnings that is not reportable by us under standard accounting principles than to purchase $1 of earnings that is reportable.
  • Never invest in a business you cannot understand.
  • Unless you can watch your stock holding decline by 50% without becoming panic-stricken, you should not be in the stock market.
  • Why not invest your assets in the companies you really like? As Mae West said, "Too much of a good thing can be wonderful".
  • The critical investment factor is determining the intrinsic value of a business and paying a fair or bargain price.
  • Risk can be greatly reduced by concentrating on only a few holdings.
  • Stop trying to predict the direction of the stock market, the economy, interest rates, or elections.
  • Many stock options in the corporate world have worked in exactly that fashion: they have gained in value simply because management retained earnings, not because it did well with the capital in its hands.
  • Buy companies with strong histories of profitability and with a dominant business franchise.
  • Be fearful when others are greedy and greedy only when others are fearful.
  • It is optimism that is the enemy of the rational buyer.
  • As far as you are concerned, the stock market does not exist. Ignore it.
  • The ability to say "no" is a tremendous advantage for an investor.
  • Much success can be attributed to inactivity. Most investors cannot resist the temptation to constantly buy and sell.
  • Lethargy, bordering on sloth should remain the cornerstone of an investment style.
  • An investor should act as though he had a lifetime decision card with just twenty punches on it.
  • Wild swings in share prices have more to do with the "lemming- like" behaviour of institutional investors than with the aggregate returns of the company they own.
  • As a group, lemmings have a rotten image, but no individual lemming has ever received bad press.
  • An investor needs to do very few things right as long as he or she avoids big mistakes.
  • "Turn-arounds" seldom turn.
  • Is management rational?
  • Is management candid with the shareholders?
  • Does management resist the institutional imperative?
  • Do not take yearly results too seriously. Instead, focus on four or five-year averages.
  • Focus on return on equity, not earnings per share.
  • Calculate "owner earnings" to get a true reflection of value.
  • Look for companies with high profit margins.
  • Growth and value investing are joined at the hip.
  • The advice "you never go broke taking a profit" is foolish.
  • It is more important to say "no" to an opportunity, than to say "yes".
  • Always invest for the long term.
  • Does the business have favourable long term prospects?
  • It is not necessary to do extraordinary things to get extraordinary results.
  • Remember that the stock market is manic-depressive.
  • Buy a business, don't rent stocks.
  • Does the business have a consistent operating history?
  • An investor should ordinarily hold a small piece of an outstanding business with the same tenacity that an owner would exhibit if he owned all of that business


 

Appendix 2    Words of Wisdom from Graham's Investment philosophy

  • A stock is not just a ticker symbol or an electronic blip; it is an ownership interest in an actual business, with an underlying value that does not depend on its share price.
  • The market is a pendulum that forever swings between unsustainable optimism (which makes stocks too expensive) and unjustified pessimism (which makes them too cheap). The intelligent investor is a realist who sells to optimists and buys from pessimists.
  • The future value of every investment is a function of its present price. The higher the price you pay, the lower your return will be.
  • No matter how careful you are, the one risk no investor can ever eliminate is the risk of being wrong. Only by insisting on what Graham called the "margin of safety"—never overpaying, no matter how exciting an investment seems to be—can you minimize your odds of error.

Wednesday, September 16, 2009

First two chapters of Dan Brown novel, “The Lost Symbol”


 


 

FACT:

In 1991, a document was locked in the safe of the director of the CIA. The document is still there today. Its cryptic text includes references to an ancient portal and an unknown location underground. The document also contains the phrase "It's buried out there somewhere".

All organisations in this novel exist, including the Freemasons, the Invisible

College, the Office of Security, the SMSC, and the Institute of Noetic Sciences.
All rituals, science, artwork, and monuments in this novel are real.

Prologue

House of the Temple
8:33pm

The secret is how to die.

Since the beginning of time, the secret had always been how to die. The thirty-four-year-old initiate gazed down at the human skull cradled in his palms. The skull was hollow, like a bowl, filled with bloodred wine. Drink it, he told himself. You have nothing to fear.

As was tradition, he had begun this journey adorned in the ritualistic garb of a medieval heretic being led to the gallows, his loose-fitting shirt gaping open to reveal his pale chest, his left pant leg rolled up to the knee, and his right sleeve rolled up to the elbow. Around his neck hung a heavy rope noose – a "cable-tow" as the brethren called it. Tonight, however, like the brethren bearing witness, he was dressed as a master.

The assembly of brothers encircling him all were adorned in their full regalia of lambskin aprons, sashes, and white gloves. Around their necks hung ceremonial jewels that glistened like ghostly eyes in the muted light.

Many of these men held powerful stations in life, and yet the initiate knew their worldly ranks meant nothing within these walls. Here all men were equals, sworn brothers sharing a mystical bond.

As he surveyed the daunting assembly, the initiate wondered who on the outside would ever believe that this collection of men would assemble in one place . . . much less this place. The room looked like a holy sanctuary from the ancient world.

The truth, however, was stranger still.

I am just blocks away from the White House. This colossal edifice, located at 1733 Sixteenth Street NW in Washington, D.C., was a replica of a pre-Christian temple –the temple of King Mausolus, the original mausoleum . . . a place to be taken after death. Outside the main entrance, two seventeen- ton sphinxes guarded the bronze doors. The interior was an ornate labyrinth of ritualistic chambers, halls, sealed vaults, libraries, and even a hollow wall that held the remains of two human bodies.

The initiate had been told every room in this building held a secret, and yet he knew no room held deeper secrets than the gigantic chamber in which he was currently kneeling with a skull cradled in his palms.

The Temple Room.

This room was a perfect square. And cavernous. The ceiling soared an astonishing one hundred feet overhead, supported by monolithic columns of green granite. A tiered gallery of dark Russian walnut seats with hand-tooled pigskin encircled the room. A thirty- three- foot-tall throne dominated the western wall, with a concealed pipe organ opposite it.

The walls were a kaleidoscope of ancient symbols . . . Egyptian, Hebraic, astronomical, alchemical, and others yet unknown.

Tonight, the Temple Room was lit by a series of precisely arranged candles. Their dim glow was aided only by a pale shaft of moonlight that filtered down through the expansive oculus in the ceiling and illuminated the room's most startling feature –an enormous altar hewn from a solid block of polished Belgian black marble, situated dead center of the square chamber.

The secret is how to die, the initiate reminded himself.

"It is time," a voice whispered.

The initiate let his gaze climb the distinguished white- robed figure standing before him. The Supreme Worshipful Master. The man, in his late fifties, was an American icon, well loved, robust, and incalculably wealthy.

His once-dark hair was turning silver, and his famous visage reflected a lifetime of power and a vigorous intellect.

"Take the oath," the Worshipful Master said, his voice soft like falling snow. "Complete your journey."

The initiate's journey, like all such journeys, had begun at the first degree. On that night, in a ritual similar to this one, the Worshipful Master had blindfolded him with a velvet hoodwink and pressed a ceremonial dagger to his bare chest, demanding: "Do you seriously declare on your honour, uninfluenced by mercenary or any other unworthy motive, that you freely and voluntarily offer yourself as a candidate for the mysteries and privileges of this brotherhood?"

"I do," the initiate had lied.

"Then let this be a sting to your consciousness," the master had warned him, "as well as instant death should you ever betray the secrets to be imparted to you."

At the time, the initiate had felt no fear. They will never know my true purpose here.

Tonight, however, he sensed a foreboding solemnity in the Temple Room, and his mind began replaying all the dire warnings he had been given on his journey, threats of terrible consequences if he ever shared the ancient secrets he was about to learn: Throat cut from ear to ear . . . tongue torn out by its roots . . . bowels taken out and burned . . . scattered to the four winds of heaven . . . heart plucked out and given to the beasts of the field –

"Brother," the gray- eyed master said, placing his left hand on the initiate's shoulder. "Take the final oath."

Steeling himself for the last step of his journey, the initiate shifted his muscular frame and turned his attention back to the skull cradled in his palms. The crimson wine looked almost black in the dim candlelight. The chamber had fallen deathly silent, and he could feel all of the witnesses watching him, waiting for him to take his final oath and join their elite ranks.

Tonight, he thought, something is taking place within these walls that has never before occurred in the history of this brotherhood. Not once, in centuries.

He knew it would be the spark . . . and it would give him unfathomable power. Energised, he drew a breath and spoke aloud the same words that countless men had spoken before him in countries all over the world.

"May this wine I now drink become a deadly poison to me . . . should I ever knowingly or willfully violate my oath."

His words echoed in the hollow space. Then all was quiet.

Steadying his hands, the initiate raised the skull to his mouth and felt his lips touch the dry bone. He closed his eyes and tipped the skull toward his mouth, drinking the wine in long, deep wallows. When the last drop was gone, he lowered the skull.

For an instant, he thought he felt his lungs growing tight, and his heart began to pound wildly. My God, they know! Then, as quickly as it came, the feeling passed.

A pleasant warmth began to stream through his body. The initiate exhaled, smiling inwardly as he gazed up at the unsuspecting grey-eyed man who had foolishly admitted him into this brotherhood's most secretive ranks.

Soon you will lose everything you hold most dear.

Chapter 1

The Otis elevator climbing the south pillar of the Eiffel Tower was overflowing with tourists. Inside the cramped lift, an austere businessman in a pressed suit gazed down at the boy beside him. "You look pale, son. You should have stayed on the ground."

"I'm okay . . ." the boy answered, struggling to control his anxiety. "I'll get out on the next level." I can't breathe.

The man leaned closer. "I thought by now you would have gotten over this." He brushed the child's cheek affectionately.

The boy felt ashamed to disappoint his father, but he could barely hear through the ringing in his ears. I can't breathe. I've got to get out of this box!

The elevator operator was saying something reassuring about the lift's articulated pistons and puddled- iron construction. Far beneath them, the streets of Paris stretched out in all directions.

Almost there, the boy told himself, craning his neck and looking up at the unloading platform. Just hold on.

As the lift angled steeply toward the upper viewing deck, the shaft began to narrow, its massive struts contracting into a tight, vertical tunnel.

"Dad, I don't think—"

Suddenly a staccato crack echoed overhead. The carriage jerked, swaying awkwardly to one side. Frayed cables began whipping around the carriage, thrashing like snakes. The boy reached out for his father.

"Dad!"

Their eyes locked for one terrifying second.

Then the bottom dropped out.

Robert Langdon jolted upright in his soft leather seat, startling out of the semiconscious daydream. He was sitting all alone in the enormous cabin of a Falcon 2000EX corporate jet as it bounced its way through turbulence.

In the background, the dual Pratt & Whitney engines hummed evenly.

"Mr. Langdon?" The intercom crackled overhead. "We're on final approach."

Langdon sat up straight and slid his lecture notes back into his leather daybag. He'd been halfway through reviewing Masonic symbology when his mind had drifted. The daydream about his late father, Langdon suspected, had been stirred by this morning's unexpected invitation from Langdon's longtime mentor, Peter Solomon.

The other man I never want to disappoint.

The fifty-eight-year-old philanthropist, historian, and scientist had taken Langdon under his wing nearly thirty years ago, in many ways filling the void left by Langdon's father's death. Despite the man's influential family dynasty and massive wealth, Langdon had found humility and warmth in Solomon's soft grey eyes.

Outside the window the sun had set, but Langdon could still make out the slender silhouette of the world's largest obelisk, rising on the horizon like the spire of an ancient gnomon. The 555-foot marble-faced obelisk marked this nation's heart. All around the spire, the meticulous geometry of streets and monuments radiated outward.

Even from the air, Washington, D.C., exuded an almost mystical power. Langdon loved this city, and as the jet touched down, he felt a rising excitement about what lay ahead. The jet taxied to a private terminal somewhere in the vast expanse of Dulles International Airport and came to a stop.

Langdon gathered his things, thanked the pilots, and stepped out of the jet's luxurious interior onto the foldout staircase. The cold January air felt liberating.

Breathe, Robert, he thought, appreciating the wide-open spaces.

A blanket of white fog crept across the runway, and Langdon had the sensation he was stepping into a marsh as he descended onto the misty tarmac.

"Hello! Hello!" a singsong British voice shouted from across the tarmac. "Professor Langdon?"

Langdon looked up to see a middle- aged woman with a badge and clipboard hurrying toward him, waving happily as he approached. Curly blond hair protruded from under a stylish knit wool hat.

"Welcome to Washington, sir!"

Langdon smiled. "Thank you."

"My name is Pam, from passenger services." The woman spoke with an exuberance that was almost unsettling. "If you'll come with me, sir, your car is waiting."

Langdon followed her across the runway toward the Signature terminal, which was surrounded by glistening private jets. A taxi stand for the rich and famous.

"I hate to embarrass you, Professor," the woman said, sounding sheepish, "but you are the Robert Langdon who writes books about symbols and religion, aren't you?"

Langdon hesitated and then nodded.

"I thought so!" she said, beaming. "My book group read your book about the sacred feminine and the church! What a delicious scandal that one caused! You do enjoy putting the fox in the henhouse!"

Langdon smiled. "Scandal wasn't really my intention."

The woman seemed to sense Langdon was not in the mood to discuss his work. "I'm sorry. Listen to me rattling on. I know you probably get tired of being recognised . . . but it's your own fault." She playfully motioned to his clothing. "Your uniform gave you away."

My uniform? Langdon glanced down at his attire. He was wearing his usual charcoal turtleneck, Harris Tweed jacket, khakis, and collegiate cordovan loafers . . . his standard attire for the classroom, lecture circuit, author photos, and social events.

The woman laughed. "Those turtlenecks you wear are so dated. You'd look much sharper in a tie!"

No chance, Langdon thought. Little nooses.

Neckties had been required six days a week when Langdon attended Phillips Exeter Academy, and despite the headmaster's romantic claims that the origin of the cravat went back to the silk fascalia worn by Roman orators to warm their vocal cords, Langdon knew that, etymologically, cravat actually derived from a ruthless band of "Croat" mercenaries who donned knotted neckerchiefs before they stormed into battle. To this day, this ancient battle garb was donned by modern office warriors hoping to intimidate their enemies in daily boardroom battles.

"Thanks for the advice," Langdon said with a chuckle. "I'll consider a tie in the future."

Mercifully, a professional- looking man in a dark suit got out of a sleek Lincoln Town Car parked near the terminal and held up his finger. "Mr Langdon? I'm Charles with Beltway Limousine." He opened the passenger door. "Good evening, sir. Welcome to Washington."

Langdon tipped Pam for her hospitality and then climbed into the plush interior of the Town Car. The driver showed him the temperature controls, the bottled water, and the basket of hot muffins. Seconds later, Langdon was speeding away on a private access road. So this is how the other half lives.

As the driver gunned the car up Windsock Drive, he consulted his passenger manifest and placed a quick call. "This is Beltway Limousine," the driver said with professional efficiency. "I was asked to confirm once my passenger had landed." He paused. "Yes, sir. Your guest, Mr Langdon, has arrived, and I will deliver him to the Capitol Building by 7pm. You're welcome, sir." He hung up.

Langdon had to smile. No stone left unturned. Peter Solomon's attention to detail was one of his most potent assets, allowing him to manage his substantial power with apparent ease. A few billion dollars in the bank doesn't hurt either.

Langdon settled into the plush leather seat and closed his eyes as the noise of the airport faded behind him. The U.S. Capitol was a half hour away, and he appreciated the time alone to gather his thoughts. Everything had happened so quickly today that Langdon only now had begun to think in earnest about the incredible evening that lay ahead.

Arriving under a veil of secrecy, Langdon thought, amused by the prospect.

Ten miles from the Capitol Building, a lone figure was eagerly preparing for Robert Langdon's arrival.

Chapter 2

The one who called himself Mal'akh pressed the tip of the needle against his shaved head, sighing with pleasure as the sharp tool plunged in and out of his flesh. The soft hum of the electric device was addictive . . . as was the bite of the needle sliding deep into his dermis and depositing its dye.

I am a masterpiece.

The goal of tattooing was never beauty. The goal was change. From the scarified Nubian priests of 2000 B.C., to the tattooed acolytes of the Cybele cult of ancient Rome, to the moko scars of the modern Maori, humans have tattooed themselves as a way of offering up their bodies in partial sacrifice, enduring the physical pain of embellishment and emerging changed beings.

Despite the ominous admonitions of Leviticus 19:28, which forbade the marking of one's flesh, tattoos had become a rite of passage shared by millions of people in the modern age –everyone from clean- cut teenagers to hard-core drug users to suburban housewives.

The act of tattooing one's skin was a transformative declaration of power, an announcement to the world: I am in control of my own flesh. The intoxicating feeling of control derived from physical transformation had addicted millions to flesh- altering practices . . . cosmetic surgery, body piercing, bodybuilding, and steroids . . . even bulimia and transgendering. The human spirit craves mastery over its carnal shell.

A single bell chimed on Mal'akh's grandfather clock, and he looked up.

Six thirty P.M. Leaving his tools, he wrapped the Kiryu silk robe around his naked, six-foot-three body and strode down the hall. The air inside this sprawling mansion was heavy with the pungent fragrance of his skin dyes and smoke from the beeswax candles he used to sterilise his needles.

The towering young man moved down the corridor past priceless Italian antiques –a Piranesi etching, a Savonarola chair, a silver Bugarini oil lamp.

He glanced through a floor- to- ceiling window as he passed, admiring the classical skyline in the distance. The luminous dome of the U.S. Capitol glowed with solemn power against the dark winter sky.

This is where it is hidden, he thought. It is buried out there somewhere.

Few men knew it existed . . . and even fewer knew its awesome power or the ingenious way in which it had been hidden. To this day, it remained this country's greatest untold secret. Those few who did know the truth kept it hidden behind a veil of symbols, legends, and allegory.

Now they have opened their doors to me, Mal'akh thought.

Three weeks ago, in a dark ritual witnessed by America's most influential men, Mal'akh had ascended to the thirty-third degree, the highest echelon of the world's oldest surviving brotherhood. Despite Mal'akh's new rank, the brethren had told him nothing. Nor will they, he knew. That was not how it worked. There were circles within circles . . . brotherhoods within brotherhoods. Even if Mal'akh waited years, he might never earn their ultimate trust.

Fortunately, he did not need their trust to obtain their deepest secret.

My initiation served its purpose.

Now, energised by what lay ahead, he strode toward his bedroom.

Throughout his entire home, audio speakers broadcast the eerie strains of a rare recording of a castrato singing the "Lux Aeterna" from the Verdi Requiem –a reminder of a previous life. Mal'akh touched a remote control to bring on the thundering "Dies Irae." Then, against a backdrop of crashing timpani and parallel fifths, he bounded up the marble staircase, his robe billowing as he ascended on sinewy legs.

As he ran, his empty stomach growled in protest. For two days now, Mal'akh had fasted, consuming only water, preparing his body in accordance with the ancient ways. Your hunger will be satisfied by dawn, he reminded himself. Along with your pain.

Mal'akh entered his bedroom sanctuary with reverence, locking the door behind him. As he moved toward his dressing area, he paused, feeling himself drawn to the enormous gilded mirror. Unable to resist, he turned and faced his own reflection. Slowly, as if unwrapping a priceless gift, Mal'akh opened his robe to unveil his naked form. The vision awed him. I am a masterpiece.

His massive body was shaved and smooth. He lowered his gaze first to his feet, which were tattooed with the scales and talons of a hawk. Above that, his muscular legs were tattooed as carved pillars –his left leg spiraled and his right vertically striated. Boaz and Jachin. His groin and abdomen formed a decorated archway, above which his powerful chest was emblazoned with the double- headed phoenix . . . each head in profile with its visible eye formed by one of Mal'akh's nipples. His shoulders, neck, face, and shaved head were completely covered with an intricate tapestry of
ancient symbols and sigils.

I am an artifact . . . an evolving icon.

One mortal man had seen Mal'akh naked, eighteen hours earlier. The man had shouted in fear. "Good God, you're a demon!"

"If you perceive me as such," Mal'akh had replied, understanding as had the ancients that angels and demons were identical – interchangeable archetypes –all a matter of polarity: the guardian angel who conquered your enemy in battle was perceived by your enemy as a demon destroyer.

Mal'akh tipped his face down now and got an oblique view of the top of his head. There, within the crownlike halo, shone a small circle of pale, untattooed flesh. This carefully guarded canvas was Mal'akh's only remaining piece of virgin skin. The sacred space had waited patiently . . . and tonight, it would be filled. Although Mal'akh did not yet possess what he required to complete his masterpiece, he knew the moment was fast approaching.

Exhilarated by his reflection, he could already feel his power growing.

He closed his robe and walked to the window, again gazing out at the mystical city before him. It is buried out there somewhere.

Refocusing on the task at hand, Mal'akh went to his dressing table and carefully applied a base of concealer makeup to his face, scalp, and neck until his tattoos had disappeared. Then he donned the special set of clothing and other items he had meticulously prepared for this evening. When he finished, he checked himself in the mirror. Satisfied, he ran a soft palm across his smooth scalp and smiled.

It is out there, he thought. And tonight, one man will help me find it.

As Mal'akh exited his home, he prepared himself for the event that would soon shake the U.S. Capitol Building. He had gone to enormous lengths to arrange all the pieces for tonight. And now, at last, his final pawn had entered the game.


 


 

Note: This is published here for igniting the curiosity of readers who are so keen to read the book. I assert the copyright of the author.

    

The Morgan Affair


 

W. Bro Dr. Tejinder Singh Rawal

Lodge Corinth, 1122 EC, Nagpur, India

tsrawal@gmail.com


 

Crime mystery that shook the foundation of Freemasonry

'Morgan Affair' is perhaps the most fascinating story in the history of Freemasonry, which shook the very foundation of Freemasonry by creating a mass-hysteria, but from which Freemasonry emerged stronger than ever. This two-century old American incidence still continues to be one of the most mysterious crime stories of all times. Prior to the anti-Masonic crusade caused by the Morgan Affair, they were also the glorious years of Masonry. The Lodge was growing. Freemasons flourished in public processions and ceremonies and the Fraternity attracted men of influence in every community.

Who was William Morgan?

William Morgan, a brick-mason, lived in Batavia, New York, from 1824 to 1826. Accounts of him differ widely, as they do of any notorious person. The estimate of historians shows him as an incompetent rolling stone; uneducated but shrewd; careless of financial obligations: often arrested for debt; idle and reckless; frequently the beneficiary of Masonic charity.

Morgan was born in Culpeper, Virginia in 1774. His birth date is sometimes listed as August 7, but no source for this is given. In October 1819, when he was 44, Morgan married 16-year old Lucinda Pendleton in Richmond. Two years after his marriage, he moved for unknown reasons to York, Upper Canada, where he operated a brewery. He has been described as a heavy drinker and a gambler.

When his business was destroyed in a fire, Morgan was reduced to poverty. He returned to the United States, settling first at Rochester, New York, and later in Batavia. Morgan claimed to have served with distinction as a captain during the War of 1812, though there is no evidence that he did so. Several men named William Morgan appear in the Virginia militia rolls, but none held the rank of captain.

Imposter

That he was really a Mason is doubtful; no record of his raising or Lodge membership exists, but it is certain he received the Royal Arch in Western Star Chapter R. A. M. No. 33 of Le Roy, New York. It is supposed that he was an "Imposter" and lied his way into a Lodge in Rochester by imposing on a friend and employer, who was led to vouch for him in Wells Lodge No. 282 at Batavia. Judge Ebenzer Mix, of Batavia, a Mason of unquestioned reputation, wrote of this alleged Masonic membership: "There must have been a most reprehensible laxity among the Masons both of Rochester and Le Roy; for there was no evidence educed, then or afterwards, that he ever received any Masonic degree save the Royal Arch, on May 31, 1825, at Le Roy

At any rate, he visited Lodges, was willing to assist, made Masonic speeches, and took part in degrees. When Companions of Batavia asked for a Royal Arch Chapter, he was among those who signed the petition. But suspicion of his regularity began to grow, and his name was omitted as a member when the Charter was granted.

The revenge

Quite frustrated, he became an enemy of the Craft, and applied for a copyright on a book to be named Illustrations of Masonry which was to "expose" Masonic ritual, secrets and procedure. Keep in mind that we are talking of a time when rituals were carried forward in the lodges by way of oral traditions. Emulation Lodge of Improvement was founded in England 1823, and the printed version of the rituals became available much later. In fact, the printed version came as a consequence of the Morgan affair as we shall see later.

In spite of the deep resentment which this proposed exposé created, Morgan entered into a contract (March 13, 1826) with three men for the publication of this work. These were: David C. Miller, an Entered Apprentice of twenty years standing, stopped from advancement for cause, who thus held a grudge against the Fraternity; John Davids, Morgan's landlord; and Russel Dyer, of whom little is known. These three entered into a penal bond of half a million dollars to pay Morgan one fourth of the profits of the book. Morgan boasted in bars and on the street of his progress in writing this book. The more he bragged, the higher the feeling against him ran, and the greater the determination engendered that the exposé should never appear.

Brethren were deeply angered. Fearful that were the "secrets" of Freemasonry "exposed", the Order would die out, feelings ran high. Matters came to a head in September, 1826. Morgan was arrested for the theft of a shirt and tie. Of this he was acquitted, but immediately rearrested for failure to pay a debt of $2.68, and jailed. After one day behind bars, someone paid the debt. When he was released he left in a coach with several men, apparently not of his own free will. He was taken to Fort Niagara and there confined in an unused magazine. Then Morgan disappeared!

David C. Miller was the editor of Republican Advocate, a weekly Batavia newspaper, and he had been entrusted with the task of publishing the book. There was great resentment in the town and the newspaper building was set on fire but no serious damage was done. As a result of this turmoil, four Freemasons were indicted and three were sent to jail. In fact, the Masons themselves offered a reward for the guilty party and some assert that Miller set the fire himself. There is, however, no proof as to what actually happened.

Soon after Morgan disappeared, Miller published Morgan's book. It became a bestseller and some people have speculated that the disappearance was an elaborate publicity stunt, especially since Miller made no claim that Morgan had been murdered, saying simply he had been "carried away".

What happened to William Morgan?

Enemies of the Craft said Freemasons had kidnapped and murdered him, to prevent the publication of his exposé. Freemasons, of course, indignantly denied the charge. As time went on and Morgan was not found, members of the Craft disavowed any approval of any such act, if it had been committed. Governor Clinton, Past Grand Master, issued proclamation after proclamation, the last one offering two thousand dollars reward "that, if living, Morgan might be returned to his family; if murdered, that the perpetrators might be brought to punishment."

It was not too difficult to discover that Masons were concerned in Morgan's hundred and twenty-five mile journey to Fort Niagara. Three members of the Craft — Chesebro, Lawson and Sawyer — pleaded guilty to conspiracy to "seize and secrete" Morgan, and, together with Eli Bruce, Sheriff, and one John Whitney, all served terms in prison for the offense.

But murder could not be proved for no body was found. In October, 1827, a body was washed ashore forty miles below Fort Niagara. Morgan's widow "identified" the body, although it was dressed in other clothes than her husband had worn alive; was bearded, although Morgan was clean shaven; had a full head of hair, although Morgan was bald! Thurlow Weed [1797-1882], Rochester Telegraph Editor, was accused of having the corpse shaved and of adding long white hairs to ears and nostrils, to simulate the appearance of Morgan. The first inquest decided that this was, indeed, the body of William Morgan. Three inquests were held in all. The third decided, on the unimpeachable evidence of Mrs. Sara Munro, who minutely described the body, its marks, and the clothes it wore, that the corpse was not William Morgan, but Timothy Munro , of Clark, Canada, her husband.

William Morgan had disappeared. Freemasons had been convicted of abducting him. A body had been found and identified as Morgan. That better evidence and a less excited jury had later reversed this identification was anti-climatic. The stories of Morgan's "murder" persisted. Thurlow Weed, whom history shows as an unscrupulous opportunist, no matter what the exact truth of his activities with the body may have been, added fuel to the flames.

Weed died in 1882, on his death bed he stated that in 1860 (twenty-two years before) John Whitney, who had been convicted in the conspiracy charge, confessed to him the full details of the murder of Morgan. According to this alleged confession, Whitney and four others carried the abducted Morgan in a boat to the centre of the river, bound him with chains, and dumped him overboard.

Whitney did indeed tell a story — not to Thurlow Weed, who was his accuser in the conspiracy case and whom he hated — but to Robert Morris. This story is both the most probable and the best attested of any we have, as to the true fate of William Morgan.

Whitney told Morris that he had consulted with Governor Clinton at Albany, relative to what could be done to prevent Morgan executing his plans to print the exposé. Clinton sternly forbade any illegal moves, but suggested the purchase of the Morgan manuscript, for enough money to enable Morgan to move beyond the reach of the influence and probable enmity of his associates in the publishing enterprise. From some source (Masons? Governor Clinton?) Whitney was assured of any amount needed, up to a thousand dollars, which was a great sum in those days.

In Batavia Whitney summoned Morgan to a conference in which the bribe was temptingly held forth. On the one hand, the enmity of all, persecution, continual danger — it is not improbable that threats were mingled with the bribe! On the other hand, money, safety, freedom from a plan to publish which held much of danger. If Morgan would take five hundred dollars, go to Canada, "disappear", his family would be provided for, and later sent to him!

Morgan agreed. He was to be arrested and "kidnapped", to make it easy to get away from Miller and his associates. Whitney feared that without some such spectacular escape, Morgan might at the last moment decline to go through with the plan, fearing retaliation from his friends in the publishing venture.

Whitney told Morris that two Canadian Masons received Morgan from the hands of his "kidnappers" at Fort Niagara, travelled with him a day and a night to a place near Hamilton, Ontario, where they paid him the five hundred dollars, receiving his receipt and signed agreement never to return without permission of Colonel William King, Sheriff Bruce, or Whitney.

In 1932, a Masonic historian named Thomas Knight claimed that Morgan in fact fled Fort Niagara for Boston, and later died in Smyrna, Turkey. Yet another Mason, Cameron Ashby, claims on the basis of correspondence to the husband of Morgan's great-granddaughter that Morgan settled in the Honduras. Others place his afterlife closer to New York, in Montreal, Quebec or Port Hope, Ontario.

Did William Morgan choose the easier way, disappear with five hundred dollars from a dangerous situation, eliminating from his responsibilities a wife and family suddenly burdensome, and, in a new freedom, ship on a vessel from Montreal and out into the world, there to come to an unknown end? No man knows. No incontestable evidence can be adduced — or was ever adduced — definitely to prove the situation. All that is undoubted is that William Morgan was apparently kidnapped and did disappear.


 

Anti-Masons take charge

It is difficult, two centuries later, to understand the extent and power of the widespread excitement and passions this incident created. Had Morgan been permitted to print his book without notice, the work would have fallen quietly from the press and died a natural death. Morgan's deportation therefore cannot be justified by any legal, moral or Masonic principle. The fame and infamy of the Morgan affair spread over an immense territory. It was the beginning of an anti-Masonic sentiment which grew and spread like wild fire. Meetings were held, the Order was denounced by press and the Church. An anti-Masonic paper was started — with Thurlow Weed as Editor — soon joined by the Anti-Masonic Review, in New York City. The many groups in Pennsylvania, already opposed to any oath bound society were aroused to a high pitch of feeling against the alleged "murderers" and "kidnappers" — the Freemasons.

The anti-Masonic excitement spread — and fast and far. Gould, in his History of Free-Masonry, thus epitomizes the spirit of that time: " The hatred of Masonry was carried everywhere and there was no retreat so sacred that it did not enter. Not only were teachers and pastors driven from their stations, but the children of Masons were excluded from the schools, and members from their churches. The Sacrament was refused to Masons by formal vote of the Church, for no other offense than their Masonic connection. Families were divided. Brother was arrayed against brother, father against son, and even wives against their husbands. Desperate efforts were made to take away chartered rights from Masonic Corporations and to pass laws that would prevent Masons from holding their meetings and performing their ceremonies."

A wave of hysteria was seized upon by able politicians, fanned by demagogues, increased by the righteous indignation of good men who did not see beneath the surface, helped onward by press and pulpit with the best of intentions but little understanding, until the whole USA flamed with passion and Freemasons were spit upon in the streets, lodges threw away their charters, and Freemasonry bowed its head to a storm as unjust and undeserved as all persecutions have always been. The Grand Lodges throughout the United States passed resolutions, disclaiming all connection or sympathy with the outrage. A great many of those attached to the Institution were of the opinion that it was advisable to yield, for a time at least, to the storm, and close their work and surrender their charters. In Vermont not a single Lodge continued its work. On October 14, 1830 angry crowds shouting "murderers and assassins" surrounded the Officers of the Grand Lodge of Massachusetts at the Laying of the Cornerstone of the Grand Lodge on Tremont Street. From 101 Lodges reported in 1826 only 34 were now represented at Grand Lodge in 1832.

Anti-Msonic political party

Under the leadership of Weed, an anti-Masonic and anti-Andrew Jackson (Jackson, the American President was a Mason) movement was formed, the Anti-Masonic political party, which ran a candidate for the presidency in 1828, gaining the support of such politicians as William H. Seward.

Its influence was such that other Jackson rivals, including John Quincy Adams, joined in denouncing the Masons. Adams in 1847 wrote a widely distributed book titled Letters on the Masonic Institution that was also highly critical of the Masons. In 1832, the party fielded William Wirt as its presidential candidate, though the party only received seven electoral votes.

Anti-Masonry's last gasp came in 1875, almost 50 years after Morgan's disappearance, when a Chicago-based organization raised a sum of money from subscriptions throughout the country, and erected an imposing monument in the Batavia cemetery, nearly 50 feet high, upon which is engraved, "Sacred to the memory of William Morgan...Abducted...by Freemasons and murdered for revealing the secrets of the order". No attempt has ever been made by Masons to interfere with this monument, and it stands to this day, perhaps as a worthy reminder of the evils of passion and prejudice. The brethren of Batavia Lodge say the reason no one has 'interfered' with the monument is because the main railroad tracks go right past it, and they noted that every time a train went by, Morgan got a face-full of dirty smoke! Another reason why Masons did not take efforts to get the monument removed was because such an action would have given underserved publicity to the monument!

The cause of decline

Hundreds of writers of great renown have spoken eloquently about the value to society of Freemasonry. There are lists of untold numbers of great leaders who never deemed it derogatory to level with the Fraternity and to give it their loyalty. Having this knowledge about the good influence of Freemasonry, knowing that many of the great leaders of the time were and being apprised of the principles taught by the Craft; it boggles the mind to try to understand how and why Freemasonry came under such ill repute.

We find that there was a major factor and three elements that led to the birth of the anti-Masonic movement and the Anti-Masonic political party. The major factor was jealousy mixed with greed, which grew in the hearts of those not privy to membership. Some had been denied. Others knew not how to become a member. They saw Freemasonry and Freemasons as an elite, secret society and they were easily convinced that conspiracies and evil came from inside those secret lodge rooms. This common characteristic of human nature served as the fuel for igniting and inciting hatred for the unknown. But a fuel needs a mechanism to ignite it. Three groups served this purpose.

First, politicians saw an opportunity to gain popularity by making false accusations and insinuations. Thurlow Weed was the most successful and most damaging in his use of the incident and to claim that he was the saviour, "riding in on a shiny white horse."

Secondly, the clergy and the former disgruntled members of the Craft added fuel to the fire. One would not have expected the clergy to lower themselves to this level of demagoguery, but such was not the case. Even former members of the Fraternity saw in this an opportunity to claim that the Freemasons were evil and that only in the church could souls be saved. And these same clergy knew full well that Freemasonry was not in the business of saving souls.

The third mechanism, which grabbed an opportunity to gain notoriety and to sell newspapers, was the press. Unscrupulous newspapers found Masonry story a hot cake to sell, and boost their circulation. The anti-Masonic movement was a conspiracy to promote individual causes. The press saw a dollar in it. The clergy saw an opportunity to win new converts. The politicians grabbed the opportunity to promote themselves. The times were ripe for suspicion and distrust. Uncultivated egos led people to believe that only their church, their politics, their way of life was the correct one. Others were ignorant and in the dark.

Mrs. Lucinda Morgan

Morgan's wife Lucinda, in any case, maintained that her husband would not have left her, and she became involved in the anti-Masonic movement. In 1830, she ,26 years old, married George Washington Harris a 50 years old silversmith who also had identified the 1827 corpse as Morgan's. The newlywed Harrises moved to Terre Haute, Indiana sometime later, where they became Mormons and close friends of Mormon prophet Joseph Smith. While still married to Harris Lucinda allegedly became the prophet's plural wife!

The clouds disappear

Like any other hysteria, this also passed. Passions wore themselves away. A few sturdy and brave men stood staunchly by a few Grand Lodges with high courage and the strength of the right never ceased to proclaim their allegiance to the principles of the Order. Little by little, Freemasonry raised its head; one by one, lodges took heart; brother by brother, Craftsmen returned to their Altars.

After a period following almost twenty years of more or less complete eclipse, the sun of Freemasonry shone again, and the world was treated to a spectacle that has been a heartening lesson to millions and will be to counted millions yet to be born anew at the sacred Altar of Freemasonry — the strange sight of an Order many had thought dead, suffering from uncounted thousands of stabs to the heart, coming again to life to grow and thrive and attract to it then. It is for this that the Craft of today can offer thanks to the Great Architect of the Universe for the Morgan affair. Dreadful as it was to the men who lived through it, terrible in its consequences to the brethren who suffered, it demonstrated again — and it may be hoped and believed, once for all — that the underlying faith of Freemasonry, its Ancient Landmarks, its foundation upon the strong pillars of brotherly love, relief and truth together are stronger than any evil, and more enduring than any other human passions.

Why read Morgan's book?

Stripped of the fevered historical background, and ignoring the publisher's anti-Masonic introduction, this becomes simply one of the first published accounts of US Freemasonry in the early 19th century. The publisher had predicted in an anti-Masonic introduction to the book that the publication of the book would provoke violent reactions from Freemasons, who would try to deny the contents of the book. To quote from the Introduction, "When our book goes out to the world, it will meet with attacks of a violent nature from one source, and men of mock titles and order will endeavour to heap upon it every calumny. Men more tenacious of absolute forms and practice than they are attentive to truth and honour, will deny our expositions, and call us liars and impostors." The publisher expected Masons to vehemently deny the contents. The truth was that, barring some glaring errors which crept in presumably because of the wrong perception of the author, the book was factually correct. Quite interestingly, the book became the first manual for Masons, and Masons started referring to the book, for memorizing the rituals. The book ultimately paved the way for publication of rituals by lodges and grand lodges. If you are interested in reading the book that Morgan wrote, you may obtain an e-copy of the book from me by sending an email to tsrawal@gmail.com .


 


 

Bibliography:

  1. The Short Talk Bulletin - Vol. XI, March, 1933 No. 3.
  2. History of Freemasonry,Robert Freke Gould. Vol IV. The John C. Yorston Publishing Co., Philadelphia: 1902. pp. 316-29.
  3. The Strange Disappearance of William Morgan,Thomas A. Knight. Published by the author at Brecksville, Ohio. The Macoy Publishing and Masonic Supply Company New York City: 1932.
  4. The Morgan Affair and Anti-Masonry, by John C. Palmer
  5. J. Hugo Tatsch, "An American Masonic Crisis: The Morgan Incident of 1826 and Its Aftermath," Ars Quatuor Coronatorum Vol. XXXIV (1921), pp. 196-209
  6. Illustrations of Masonry by William Morgan [1827]
  7. The Morgan Affair,Bro. George Peter MPS, the Grand Historian of The Grand Lodge of New York., The Philalethes Society
  8. The Morgan Affair -- by Richard Eades 1993
  9. The Morgan Affair and its effect on Freemasonry -- by R. Keith Muir, Transactions of Quatuor Coronati Lodge No. 2076, Volume 105, 1992


 


 



 

Appendix 1: The cover of Morgan's book